indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
how; in what way; how about
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
of course; certainly; naturally
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)