jpdb beta

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

13

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

8

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

8

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

8

blood type; blood group

8

and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...

7

type O (blood, etc.)

7

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

6

type B (blood, influenza, hepatitis, etc.)

5

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

4

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

4

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

4

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

4

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

4

Mr (junior); master; boy

4

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

3

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

3

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

3

be; is

3

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

3

in that way; thus; so; so?

3

I; me

3

yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's

3

person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others

3

type A (blood, influenza, hepatitis, etc.)

3

type AB (blood, etc.)

3

what shape?; what type?; which model?; which blood group?

3

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

2

to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine

2

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

2

that; those; the

2

seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!

2

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

2

to; towards; for

2

to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need

2

to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch

2

indicates question

2

to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come

2

I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that

2

to answer; to reply

2

yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?

2

eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey

2

to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!

2

yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr

2

you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she

2

it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...

2

yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?

2

confections; sweets; candy; cake

2

blood donation

2

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

1