indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
major; lieutenant commander; wing commander
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
chance; opportunity; machine; aircraft; counter for aircraft; counter for (remaining) lives
captain (Army, U.S. Marine Corps, USAF); lieutenant (Navy); flight lieutenant (RAF, RAAF, RNZAF, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
(some) more; even more; longer; further
suffix for familiar person
second; number two; runner-up
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise