indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
existence; possession; having; limited company
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
how; in what way; how about
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle