indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
youngster; boy; young Buddhist monk; young bonze; young shop-boy; errand boy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
name; given name; first name