indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship