indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
rank; place (e.g. first place); decimal place; counter for ghosts