grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
condition; state; health; state (of health); way; manner
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
than; from; out of; except; but; more
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such; this sort of; like this
shopping district; shopping street; downtown
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
unsociable; unfriendly; blunt; surly; curt; cold
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
spoils of war; booty; war trophy; something one managed to obtain or buy (at a bargain sale, merchandise stall, etc.); purchases; prizes (at an arcade, etc.)
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)