grandfather; male senior-citizen
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
condition; state; health; state (of health); way; manner
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
as if; as though; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest; really; completely
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
then; well; so; well then
such; this sort of; like this
shopping district; shopping street; downtown
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
another; one more; even more; (not) quite; (not) very
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
unsociable; unfriendly; blunt; surly; curt; cold
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
to run away; to flee; to avoid (a question, responsibility, etc.); to evade; to win without being overtaken; to hold off the other contenders (until the finish)
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
buying (in large quantities); (wholesale) purchase; buying in; (one's) usual (store, supplier, etc.); regular; favourite (brand, shop, etc.)
success; achievement; succeeding (in life); (worldly) success; prosperity
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
spoils of war; booty; war trophy; something one managed to obtain or buy (at a bargain sale, merchandise stall, etc.); purchases; prizes (at an arcade, etc.)