question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tie up in a bundle (e.g. straw, hair, bills, letters); to bundle; to govern; to manage; to fold (one's arms); to put together (one's hands)
one large ...; a great ...
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
going in and out; entering and exiting; visiting regularly; frequenting; income and expenditure; incomings and outgoings; increase and decrease
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
previous conviction; criminal record; previous offense; previous offence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
outline; main points; generally; on the whole; general; rough
rakugo; traditional Japanese comic storytelling; comic story (told by a professional storyteller)
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
day after day; day by day
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
haori (Japanese formal coat)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish