(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
layer; stratum; class; stratum; sheaf; counter for stories (of a building)
anyhow; anyway; somehow or other; apart from ...; setting ... aside
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
chalice (for Holy Communion); Holy Chalice; Holy Grail
war; fighting; fierce competition
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
as you see; as you can see
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
lower layer; layer beneath; lower strata (classes)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
taking refuge; finding shelter; evacuation; escape; seeking safe haven
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...