sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
caller; visitor; company; guest
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
it is not (like that) either
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
as a matter of fact; actually; effectively; in reality; in effect
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
Western Europe; the West; the Occident; Europe
zaibatsu; financial conglomerate; industrial group
present (e.g. government, administration); current; existing
(present) head of a family
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
question; inquiry; enquiry
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
incident; affair; happening; event
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
definite; final; decisive; conclusive
drying up; running dry; running out; being exhausted; being drained
decline; degeneration; decay; waning; ebbing
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
life; existence; (one's) working life; career; life force; lifeblood
to subsist; to keep on living