indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
revival (e.g. musical); come-back; restoration; rebirth; resurrection
life; existence; (one's) working life; career; life force; lifeblood
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
how; in what way; how about
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation