voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to run into; to rush into; to (run and) seek refuge in; to take shelter in
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
business; thing to be done; something that should be performed; information that should be conveyed
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
don't you think?; indicates question
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
occasionally; once in a while; now and then; rarely; seldom
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to announce; to tell; to sentence; to order
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
in person; personally; directly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance