indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yuzu (Citrus ichangensis x C. reticulata)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?