indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yuzu (Citrus ichangensis x C. reticulata)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
Alice; Alliss; Alyce; Arisu
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
light (e.g. aircraft, truck); light motor vehicle (up to 660cc and 64bhp); kei car
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
to address (someone); to accost a person; to talk (to someone); to begin to talk; to start a conversation
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid