indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you
to go to ruin; to go under; to fall; to be destroyed; to die out; to become extinct
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
toot (e.g. of trumpet); honk (e.g. of klaxon); beep; farting sound; sound of something being inflated; puff
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
village; hamlet; countryside; country
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle