indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as a child; when one was a child
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
skillful; skilled; proficient; flattery
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
family; members of a family
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
container; receptacle; case; inserting; putting in
sorting; arrangement; liquidation; settlement; retrenchment; curtailment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish