indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
match; game; bout; contest
out (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); outside the line; out; putout; outer; external; exit
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
adds force or indicates command
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
strike (e.g. in baseball, bowling)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
all one's power (strength, energy, efforts); one's utmost
to use up (all one's strength, ideas, etc.); to exert oneself; to do one's best
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)