indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
being full; (counting) completed years (e.g. when calculating age); full (years, months, etc.); Manchuria
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
two persons; two people; pair; couple
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality