indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
water's edge; beach; shore
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
present; gift; to give a present or gift
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
wisteria (esp. Japanese wisteria, Wisteria floribunda); wistaria