indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
marriage ceremony; wedding; nuptials
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)