indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; intention; mind; mood
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be mistaken; to be incorrect; to make a mistake (in); to do incorrectly; to mistake (one thing with another); to confuse
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
suffix for familiar person
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
meaning; significance; sense
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
cold; frigid; dignified; distinguished; (of an atmosphere) tense; nerve-racking
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
why; how; for what reason
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
consultation; discussion; discussing; asking (someone) for advice
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any