indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
best friend; very close friend
emperor (of Japan); mikado; (the gates of an) imperial residence
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
meeting; assembly; gathering; congregation; convention; rally
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation
please (give me); please (do for me)
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
to accept somebody's challenge; to take up the gauntlet
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
motorcycle; motorbike; bicycle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
sharpshooting; shooting; sniping; setting a goal and carrying it out
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
as (much) as possible; as (much) as one can; wherever practicable; if possible
reality; actuality; hard fact
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
extermination; expulsion; destruction
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.); emphatic particle; particle adding uncertainty
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding