indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
boss; leader; head; boss (difficult enemy, usu. at the end of a section or level)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
best friend; very close friend
emperor (of Japan); mikado; (the gates of an) imperial residence
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
meeting; assembly; gathering; congregation; convention; rally
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of a visitor's arrival); informing (someone) of a visitor's arrival
please (give me); please (do for me)
to sell; to betray; to sell out (one's friend, country, etc.); to make (oneself) known; to establish (a reputation) for oneself; to pick (a fight, quarrel, etc.)
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
to accept someone's challenge; to take up the gauntlet
black; black stone; guilt; guilty person
motorcycle; motorbike; bike; bicycle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
sharpshooting; shooting; sniping; setting a goal and carrying it out
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to advance (spatially); to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to move ahead (e.g. of work); to intensify
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
rivalry; feud; conflict; dispute; struggle; strife
as (much) as possible; as (much) as one can; wherever practicable; if possible
reality; actuality; hard fact
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
expulsion; driving out; driving away; extermination
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.); emphatic particle; particle adding uncertainty
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding