indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
dwarf (esp. in folklore or fantasy literature)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work