indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
military expedition led in person by the emperor
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
goddamn idiot; moron; nitwit
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
already; now; no longer; not any more
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis