indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?