indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Jon; John; Gjon; Jonathan
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
vice-minister (Meiji period); undersecretary
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
helmet (of a warrior); headpiece
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
bow (weapon); archery; bow (for a violin, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
centre line; center line; central line
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing