indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
vice-minister (Meiji period); undersecretary
adds force or indicates command
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
helmet (of a warrior); headpiece
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
how; in what way; how about
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
quantity; amount; volume; number; amount of money
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
than; from; out of; except; but; more
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...