indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
echo; ultrasound scan; echographic examination
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
if it is the case that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in the belly; in one's heart of hearts
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
I'm afraid to say; I'm sorry to say; unfortunately
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
should; must; -able; probably; likely
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat