indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
research; study; investigation
to continue; to keep up; to keep on; to continue ...; to keep on ...
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to send; to forward; to hand over (e.g. money); indicates that the action is directed towards the speaker; indicates that the object of an action arrives at or is received by the speaker
et cetera; etc.; and the like; the likes of; something like
good-for-nothing; useless; worthless
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sure; no mistaking it; for certain; without doubt
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
about this time; about now
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
tsk; tut; shoot; chirp; tweet
using all one's strength; using all one's might
smirkingly; broadly (grinning)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be broken; to break; to break (down); to stop working; to fall through (of a plan, deal, etc.); to collapse
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to let the tension out of one's shoulders; to relax; to not take oneself too seriously
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
softly; gently; stealthily; secretly; to leave alone; to leave as it is
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable