indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bungler; greenhorn; clumsy; poor hand
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
screw; key (of a clock, watch, etc.); spring (of a clock, watch, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
idle complaint; grumble; moha (ignorance, folly)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
vomit; spew; puke; confessing
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
tuber; taro; yokel; bumpkin; dud; worthless thing
sticky; gluey; gummy; stickiness; something sticky
in succession; in an endless stream; continuing without pause or interruption
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become