indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
screw; key (of a clock, watch, etc.); spring (of a clock, watch, etc.)
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
bungler; greenhorn; clumsy; poor hand
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
beach; seashore; captured pieces (in the game of go); captured stones; Yokohama; (arch.) riverbank
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
vomit; spew; puke; confessing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
failure; futility; uselessness; x (mark); cross
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
detective; investigator; sleuth; detective work; secret investigation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf