indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
bungler; greenhorn; clumsy; poor hand
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
screw; key (of a clock, watch, etc.); spring (of a clock, watch, etc.)
hey!; c'mon!; pushy; overbearing; self-assured
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
proprietress (of a traditional Japanese inn or restaurant); landlady; hostess; mistress
a lot; to a very great extent; absolutely
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
rock (music); rock; boulder; on the rocks
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to spread out; to lay out; to take a position; to impose widely (e.g. over a city)
to have the nerve to; to be bastard enough to