indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bungler; greenhorn; clumsy; poor hand
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
screw; key (of a clock, watch, etc.); spring (of a clock, watch, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
ten thousand years; eternity; perennial; perpetual
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
honorific/polite/humble prefix
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
suffix for familiar person
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
ass; arse; rear; end; acupuncture point; hole
dropping (of tears, dew, etc.); falling off; dropping off; inadvertently (coming to the surface); letting out (e.g. a secret)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)