indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to climb over; to get over; to overcome (a difficulty, obstacle, etc.); to surmount; to surpass (a predecessor); to overtake
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
courage; bravery; valour; valor; nerve; boldness
to take back; to get back; to regain; to recover; to restore; to recoup
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
brothers and sisters; siblings; half-siblings; step-siblings; mate; friend
leader; leaders; dotted line; reader (textbook); reader (i.e. a person who reads); microreader
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
decision; determination; resolution
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
solemn (ceremony, atmosphere, etc.); austere; grave; majestic; dignified; stately
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
eternal slumber; everlasting rest; death
to take (seat, position, course, office, etc.); to assume; to ascend (the throne); to accede; to start (on a journey); to commence
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
phew; whew; huff; whoo; woohoo
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
hyah!; hah!; there!; ugh!; argh!; damn it!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to let pass; to allow through; to transmit (e.g. light, sound, etc.); to conduct (electricity); to stick through (e.g. a hole); to force through (e.g. an opening); to connect (e.g. two places)
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)