indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
growth; development; one's early life; upbringing; personal history
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
master; boss; stable master; craftsman; artisan; (arch.) foster parent
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
long time; long interval; for quite some time
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to pass (the night); to spend; to reveal; to divulge; to prove; to verify
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the matter in question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
shopping; purchased goods
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
Virgin Mary; Jesus' mother; Santa Maria (Columbus' ship)
market (financial, stock, domestic, etc.); marketplace; exchange; (street) market
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
for the present; for the time being; for a while (from now); for some time (to come)
circumstances; condition; to arrange; to manage; to lend money; to raise money
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage