chimney sweeping (cleaning)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
unity; union; solidarity; combination; teaming up
to harden; to freeze; to put together; to collect; to make secure; to stabilize; to fortify
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
even a little; any at all; if only a little; no matter how little
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
letter; missive; note; mail
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; like this; in this way
character (esp. kanji); letter; handwriting; penmanship; the ... word (e.g. "the L word" = "love")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
these days; nowadays; now; at present; recently; lately
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
of late; lately; this part; this point; here
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago