chimney sweeping (cleaning)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
brothers and sisters; siblings; half-siblings; step-siblings; mate; friend
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
unity; union; solidarity; combination; banding together; teaming up
to harden; to freeze; to put together; to collect; to make secure; to stabilize; to fortify
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
leader; leaders; dotted line; reader (textbook); reader (i.e. a person who reads); microreader
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
wonderful; splendid; magnificent; exceeding; incredible; remarkable
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
even a little; any at all; if only a little; no matter how little
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
so; like this; in this way; this much; to this extent
character (esp. kanji); letter; handwriting; penmanship; the ... word (e.g. "the L word" = "love")
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to reach the point where ...; to come to ...; to come to be that ...; to start to ...; to begin to ...
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
these days; nowadays; now; at present; recently; lately
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
of late; lately; this part; this point; here
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)