indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
scheme; tactic; stratagem; trick
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put clothes on (someone); to dress; to cover; to coat; to pin (e.g. a crime on someone); to lay (blame)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
police; police officer; police station
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
to get stuck with (some job); to end up with (something unpleasant)
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to run away; to flee; to make off; to start to run away
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
decision; determination; resolution
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to board; to embark on; to get into (a car); to march into; to enter
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
band of robbers; gang of thieves
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
explosive; blasting powder
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to chase; to run after; to pursue
adds force or indicates command