indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Cynthia; Synthia; Shinshia
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to feel; to sense; to experience
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
crystal; crystallization; crystallisation; fruits (of labor, union, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise