indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
kurin; nine vertically stacked rings on a pagoda finial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
guerrilla; guerrilla warfare; sudden