indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
executive officer; administrative official
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
first lieutenant; lieutenant junior grade
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
guerrilla; guerrilla warfare; sudden
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
base (military, expedition, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)