indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
reclamation (e.g. wasteland); cultivation; development; pioneering; opening up (e.g. new market); breaking new ground
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be incomparable; to be completely different matters; to be completely different things
now; the present time; just now; another; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
inevitable; necessary; certain; inevitability; necessity
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
astonishing; amazing; surprising; wonderful
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
you (plural); all of you; you all
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
than; from; out of; except; but; more
commonwealth; federation of states; confederation; union
council (consultatory, advisory); board of trustees
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
control; management (e.g. of a business)
under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of); during (war, occupation, etc.)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow (a person); to accompany; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question