indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria var. hispida); calabash; moonflower (Ipomoea alba)
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
to say; to be called; to do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more