indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to mark the end; to spell the end
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; hour; period; class
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
factory; plant; mill; workshop
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
grandfather; male senior-citizen; old man
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
finally; at last; in the end; ultimately
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
that; the matter in question
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah