indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cold; frigid; bracing; dignified
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
suffix for familiar person
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
ding (of a bell); bing; honk (i.e. sound of blowing one's nose); snort; heating in a microwave; cooking in a microwave
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout