indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
eternity; permanence; perpetuity; Eikyū era (1113.7.13-1118.4.3)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to blink (one's eyes); to wink; to bat
guidepost; signpost; guide; manual; tiger beetle (esp. the Japanese tiger beetle, Cicindela japonica)
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
form; shape; figure; visage
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to loiter; to putter; to prowl; to be confused from not knowing what to do
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
to doubt; to distrust; to be suspicious of; to suspect
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to keep within limits (e.g. spending); to restrain (e.g. emotions); to control; to hold back (e.g. an enemy); to check; to curb
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)