is that so? (generally rhetorical)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
military forces; hosts; troops
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
national border; provincial border
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to rule over; to govern; to command; to integrate; to consolidate; to unite
should; must; -able; probably; likely
(arch.) it is not so; no; never mind
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
barbarian tribe; savage tribe
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
to bare one's fangs; to snarl (at)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to stab; to thrust (into); to plant (in the ground); to stick upright
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
one's social position; one's place; one's standing
to discern (e.g. right from wrong); to discriminate; to distinguish; to know (manners, one's place, etc.); to understand; to bear in mind
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
eternity; permanence; perpetuity; Eikyū era (1113.7.13-1118.4.3)
to blink (one's eyes); to wink; to bat
guidepost; signpost; guide; manual; tiger beetle (esp. the Japanese tiger beetle, Cicindela japonica)