indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
in comparison to; rather than
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
time; hour; period; class
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment