indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
very young fish (esp. a konoshiro gizzard shad); (arch.) new geisha
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
suffix for familiar person
millennium; one thousand years; (fig.) long time
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
father; dad; husband; you; he
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest